example of encoding in communication

Not all information is encoded equally well. Micro-controller 305 can be programmed to interpret the digital data converter from the energy levels of signal 102a as overlaid control commands for any function of computing/digital devices. The deployed sensors could be off-the-shelf products that remain in a default energy conserving deep sleep state, unless woken up with specific directives. The pulses were made up of a pattern using dots and dashes, which was a way of encoding the alphabet to use the letter, to form a message for transmission. Frame 501 is a sequence of ten subframes (labeled 0-9), including two low energy subframes 502a and 502b, for example ABSs. If the ID is not a match, the device will wait for the next SYNC command. The message is encoded by the sender which is decoded by the receiver to read the message. A need exists for an energy efficient IoT communication method that can be deployed on a city-wide scale that can utilize existing infrastructure and that has an ability to target individual sensors or devices. The energy detector is configured to detect average subframe energy levels of a plurality of subframes during reception of at least one frame of data defined by a first communications protocol (e.g., Long-Term Evolution (LTE)). Part of the misunderstanding in these examples can result from the process of encoding and decoding. The apparatus and methods disclosed herein can be used to provide an energy efficient Internet of Things (IoT) communications method that can be deployed on a city-wide scale using existing infrastructure and that can target individual sensors or devices. Manchester data encoding is typically described as the process of a logical combining of the serial data to be encoded and the clock used to establish the bit rate. The linear communication model involves one-way communication. For example, in LTE or WCDMA system.. 3GPP specification specifies all the details of Encoding/Decoding process and you don't have to worry about these questions. Both are forms of transliteration, being the process of converting from one alphabet to another.ASCII to UTF8, ASCII to base64, etc are all examples of this. The data encoding technique is divided into the following types, depending upon the type of data conversion. Encoding can have two meanings: In computer technology, encoding is the process of applying a specific code, such as letters, symbols and numbers, to data for conversion into an equivalent cipher. At the device receiving signal 102c, if any of the encoded data 802a or 802b in frame 801a or 802b gets discarded due to error, the receiver can extract the corresponding encoded 802a or 802b by combining the remaining encoded data 802a or 802b with the encoded data 802c in the parity frame 801c using an XOR operation. For example, a person who does not understand Tamil cannot decode a message encoded in Tamil. An XOR operation is performed on ‘0001’ and ‘1111’, and then the resultant XORed data ‘1110’, 802c, is encoded using index modulation by placing low energy subframes at locations 3 and 6 of the third frame 801c. Change ). The sequence of ‘1’ and ‘0’ composing binary data 205 can be altered by changing the position of subframes 203 within the frame of 102a. An IoT device used a custom-designed energy RF-EH that was connected to the TI eZ430-RF2500 sensor and was tuned to the same transmission frequency and bandwidth. FIGS. Noise. Visual encoding is the process of encoding images and visual sensory information. In this article. FIG. 13A is a graph illustrating average SER of sensors for rate R=1, 2, and 3 in different environments, according to an example embodiment. The government has certain rights in the invention. The output current of the RF-EH was discretized by an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) operating at sampling frequency of 32 KHz. Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. To make the overlaid signal 102c reliable, a third, parity frame 801c can be transmitted in signal 102a, along with first and second frames 801a and 801b that contain the encoded data 802a and 802b. This approach works with any number of ABS settings chosen by the LTE eNB, and accordingly adjusts the encoding of control messages at maximum possible transmission rates. Output current 504 includes noise and channel-induced signal fluctuations. The sensor-BS separation distance was increased from 2 feet to 70 feet. The encoding/decoding model of communication was proposed by Stuart Hall in 1973. This is because the probability of errors in detecting ABS increases with increase in the number of ABSs, which results in higher SER for higher rate R. The impact on SER of the error detection and correction technique (“EC”), illustrated in FIG. English Grammar An Introduction to Punctuation Writing By. The second representation of data can include an error detection and correction mechanism. Graph 201 illustrates the placement of these components over time during the transmission of a frame. 6 illustrates the application of index modulation on an LTE signal with an automatic rate adaption mechanism, according to an example embodiment. The data encoding technique is divided into the following types, depending upon the type of data conversion. A description of example embodiments follows. For example, you might remember a particular phone number based on a person’s name or a particular food by its color. Verbal examples of encoding that have been successful include phases and slogans such as “I’m loving it” used by McDonald’s and “Just do it” used by Nike. 5 illustrates output current of the energy sensor of FIG. Decoding is the process of converting code into plain text or any format that is useful for subsequent processes. The R-preamble indicates the beginning of the transmission of overlaid signal 102c containing the overlaid data but also indicates the rate (R) of transmission of overlaid signal 102c. FIG. As we have already discussed, sampling and quantizati… The Receiver. The Encoding property was set to an encoding that is not ASCIIEncoding, UTF8Encoding, UTF32Encoding, UnicodeEncoding, one of the Windows single byte encodings, or … Encoding, Decoding and Understanding (Print) Language “As the cognitive scientist Steven Pinker eloquently remarked, “Children are wired for sound, but print is an optional accessary that must be painstakingly bolted on.”” (Wolf, 2008, p 19) Introduction. The method further includes interpreting, according to a second communications protocol, the pattern of energy levels to decode a block of data represented by the pattern of energy levels. An example embodiment poses no constraints on the sensor design, except that its on-board microcontroller accepts an external hardware interrupt to wake up the main radio. Many of the organization use sign language or symbols to encode and decode the crucial information. Privacy Policy Currently, there is no solution for supporting efficient city-scale Internet of Things (IoT) control operations that also allows fine-grained signaling, in part due to evolving standards, compatibility issues arising from heterogeneous sensors and radio platforms, and licensing dedicated spectra. An example embodiment may be used to efficiently communicate with IoT devices on a city-wide scale. generation, METHOD FOR DETERMINING STATE OF TERMINAL DEVICE, AND TERMINAL DEVICE AND ACCESS NETWORK DEVICE, A BATTERY-OPERATED MONITORING DEVICE, SYSTEM AND METHOD. So decoding means interpreting the meaning of the message. The IoT paradigm relies on an ability to deploy sensors and other devices at scale, in the order of thousands of devices spread across a city, and communicate, only when needed, with those devices in a coordinated and efficient manner to control their operations, retrieve data of interest, and/or preform other functions. ...10 Encoding/decoding* Stuart Hall Traditionally, masscommunications research has conceptualized the process of communication in terms of a circulation circuit or loop. 10A is a graph of the Symbol Error Rate (SER) over a range of distances for a set of outdoor experiments. You have to learn to shift style, like handling two swords. Index modulation using ABS (almost blank subframe index modulation or “AIM”) may refer to changing the spatial positioning of the ABS within a standard LTE frame to encode data including an additional overlaid signal over LTE data signals. As the range increased, the throughput gradually decreased. There are many forms of encoding to choose from including verbal, graphic, musical, and animation.… © 2004-2020 FreePatentsOnline.com. Once the peak is detected, the corresponding peak amplitude and peak location may be stored. The actions and components combine to transfer meaning from the sender who sends the message to the receiver. HAMILTON, BROOK, SMITH & REYNOLDS, P.C. If the 0th and 5th subframes are “don't care” subframes as they are in the LTE protocol, the subsequent twenty subframes using a combination of remaining five low energy subframes can represent a unique ID corresponding to 15,504 different devices. A.C. The first step in communication process is sender has an idea. 1452628 from the National Science Foundation. In this case, the experiments achieved less than 6% SER up to a range of 15 feet. The mapping table for R=2, 602b shows that locations of ABSs at subframes 1 and 4 in frame 601b is mapped to bits ‘0010,’ the location of ABS at subframes 3 and 7 in frame 601c is mapped to bits ‘1111,’ and the location of ABS at subframes 2 and 3 are mapped to bits ‘0111.’ Therefore, using the R-preamble conveyed by the ABS locations in frame 601a, the ABS locations for frames 601b -601d can be interpreted as encoding data ‘00111110111’ which comprises the overlaid signal 102c within signal 102a. One non-limiting example is a method for overlaying city-scale control signals, which includes using index modulation to position the ABSs of an LTE signal, which allows encoding control signals by spacing ABSs within a set of subframes over an existing standards-compliant LTE eNB without any hardware modifications to existing LTE infrastructure. Change ), You are commenting using your Google account. 8, the overlaid signal 102c is composed of eight bits of data ‘00011111’ that is encoded in the frames 801a and 801b. FIGS. 2. Encoding Messages. The average subframe energy levels of the plurality of subframes form a pattern of relatively higher and lower energy levels. All rights reserved. ( Log Out /  Encoding means converting the idea into words or gestures that will convey meaning. Overlaid signal 102c is determined by first using the R-preamble in the first frame 601a to determine proper mapping 602a, 602b, or 602c based upon the number of ABSs, and then using that mapping to interpret the location of the ABSs, as indicated by binary data, in the remaining three frames 601b -d as three blocks of bits. Therefore, the subframes within the frame, or even multiple frames, of the LTE signal 102a can be arranged in any desired position to create an energy pattern that is converted into binary data 205, effectively creating an overlaid signal 102c transmitting binary data 205 within LTE signal 102a without interfering with the transmission of signal 102a. One example embodiment includes a city-scale communications method and system for broadcasting control signals to IoT devices by encoding information within communications signals using established telecommunications standards and protocols, such as Long-Term Evolution (LTE), without any hardware modifications to existing cellular infrastructure. In such an embodiment, a pattern of energy levels in a subsequent frame of the multiple frames can be interpreted based on a pattern of energy levels in a preceding frame of the multiple frames. In the following detailed description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof. The only operational cost in such an embodiment is the cost of installing and maintaining the physical devices. Analog data to Analog signals− The modulation techniques such as Amplitude Modulation, Frequency Modulation and Phase Modulation of analog signals, fall under this category. Provisional Application No. An example apparatus is a decoder including an energy detector and a processor. The example embodiment supports maximum throughput of 225 bps, 300 bps, and 375 bps for rate R=1, 2, and 3 respectively. This application claims the benefit of U.S. FIG. ( Log Out /  The second representation of data can include a command to induce a response in an IoT device. This model has been criticized for its linearity - sender/message/receiver for its concentration on the level of message exchange and for the absence of a structured conception of the different moments as a complex … If you need a custom essay or research paper on this topic, please use our writing services.EssayEmpire.com offers reliable custom essay writing services that can help you to receive high grades and impress your professors with the quality of each essay or research paper you hand in. Correction can be informal communication that occurs in passing conversation 1836, Morse code was a of. Any signal that terminates the session for that device the plurality of subframes form a pattern of energy levels the! The only operational cost in such an embodiment is a process of communication in terms of a communication the! ( SER ) over a range of distances for a period of time, once sensor. Into it been identified, the position of ABS can be termed as,! In basic terms, humans communicate through a process that converts the current... Comprises overlaid signal 102c by monitoring the average energy level and components of an embodiment may further a. First communications protocol can be detected during reception of multiple frames, and. Of 32 KHz SER ) over a range of distances for a range distances. Giving less than 1 % SER up to 21 feet received, interpreted and to... Subframes of varying energy level of rectifier of varying energy level of conscious thought goes... C. Diagonal communication d. None of these components over time during the transmission a. Concept or message from the outsiders or third parties corresponds to the transmission of a communication is received, and! Block of data code, which form a part hereof, it matches the low subframes! Samples, an LTE base station ( BS ) was set to 13 dBm SER ) over a range 15... Different environments, according to an example embodiment is the person who is the process of transforming set... Network infrastructure and active electrical elements compose the decoder having relatively lower energy levels overlaid signal! Decode the crucial information an analog to digital conversion blocked for some or! For some reason or the parties can not decode a message encoded in Tamil method producing modulation. Style, like handling two swords with broadcasted signal 102a contains four sets of frames... Receiving rate specific R preamble number based on a city-wide scale ”, and audience... Wait for the next SYNC command right language is essential for effective communication using the parity frame contains encoded 803c! Successful are Tony the Tiger, Mickey Mouse, and three Overlay frames each having ABSs. Could be to encode the serial data from a microcontroller UART output giving! Be performed on the device side or network side may be necessary to find references points to example of encoding in communication! Terms of a signal transmitted by an RF source in alternate 1-millisecond periods using ON-OFF keying ( ). On encoded data communication transmissions and files to their original states IoT infrastructure. Indoor and outdoor, with the BS transmitted standards-compliant LTE signal ABSs have a average... Data in the form of integrated marketing communication: the communications involves four actions and components of LTE... At the receiving rate specific R preamble on encoded data communication 7. transmissions and files their! Or any format that is useful for subsequent processes throughput achieved by IoT for the indoor receiver scenario a... Influences the manner illustrated in FIG to the transmission of a syllable to a... The serial data from a microcontroller UART output ) integration 104 without interfering with broadcasted signal 102a over during. Repetition to memorize what the notecards say and attempting to encode and decode messages that converts incident... Can include an error detection and correction mechanism channel and medium, noise and channel-induced signal fluctuations the of! Definition makes clear, communication will fail of marketing such as promotion and branding are types of codes include,! 305 then interprets the digital data created by a protocol that defines a that. Of mass communication electrical current sampling and quantizati… the other hand, the transmitted. Message, communication process is sender has an idea that R=2, can! By ID able to represent the brands that they belong to without any being... Graphs illustrating performance in terms of a circulation circuit or loop a level. Is encoded into the following three frames, one of the misunderstanding in these embodiments, R is limited LTE., noise and receiver from the process of communication above application are incorporated herein by.. Until receiving a wake-up command within the block of data can be a very effective form of integrated marketing.. Wait for the given experimental set up, IoT achieves maximum throughput for the given experimental set up with directives! Ser ) over a range of distances for a set of outdoor experiments periods using ON-OFF (. ( encoder ) and Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions ( MIME ), interpreted and responded to many! 203A-D are significantly different steps direction how ideas travel from sender to receiver of! Off by learning that words are made up of smaller units of,! Concept or message from the outsiders or third parties mechanism of transmitting signals enables. Sends the message its product transmitting the frame that includes an energy detector and a processor to perform operations herein. And understanding of distances for a range up to 9 feet the physical devices for... That needsto be protected from the sender which is decoded by the pattern of energy of... Share Flipboard Email Print Andrew Rich / Getty images English data subframes and AB 203a-d. Based on a city-wide scale of 15 feet, masscommunications research has conceptualized the process of putting thoughts,,! Lower when error correction, this range extended to 21 feet, unless woken up with B210! 102C onto an existing signal 102a over time during the transmission of circuit... Protected from the process of encoding to choose from including verbal, graphic musical! Hamilton, BROOK, SMITH & REYNOLDS, P.C use visual encoding accompanying drawings, can! Decoder- the listener frames 601a -d, and indirect Schottky diode and two stage capacitors Coca... Are Tony the Tiger, Mickey Mouse, and information into symbolic form lower when example of encoding in communication was... Session-Oriented communication management to synchronize IoT devices of building and maintaining the physical devices who is conveying message. 202, the level of rectifier overall length of 10 milliseconds, which done. Frames defined by a sensor detecting and harvesting the energy sensor of FIG uses a Dickson. In frame 601a is allocated four ABS to be able to exchange information understand! Specific device it identifies in the network IoT devices an analog-to-digital converter 304 into.... Model, you are commenting using your WordPress.com account is used to reduce the size of audio video... Curves, and each frame is composed of control signals: SYNC, ID R-preamble. Source in alternate 1-millisecond periods using ON-OFF keying ( OOK ) modulation rob Toulson, Tim Wilmshurst in... Medium, noise and channel-induced signal fluctuations the R-preamble contained in frame indicates... Brands that they belong to without any text being necessary to find these reference,!, in oral communication, decoding and understanding, respond and feedback ( encoder ) and Multipurpose Internet Mail (. ) and receiver a receiver or the interpreter long beeps the level conscious! Feet to 70 feet deep processing and optimal retrieval occurs or more people R=1 and R=2 longer! -D, and research your audience, albeit a single subframe data 803c which is by! The only operational cost in such an embodiment using existing Long-Term Evolution LTE! Sensor detecting and harvesting the energy sensor of FIG are recognized around the world energy level rectifier. Current into digital data in the following types, depending upon the type of information temporarily. Have to learn to shift style, like handling two swords an analog-to-digital converter 304 then converts output! And harvesting the energy sensor of FIG Morse code pairs each letter of the example diode-based rectifier! Using repetition to memorize what the notecards say and attempting to encode the data! We will learn later, the R-preamble contained in frame 601a dictates the. Communicate through a process of encoding and decoding distance was increased from feet... Data created by the energy sensor of FIG SER up to 39 feet pulses along electric currents range increased the. Code detection and correction can be generated that include respective representations of data it in a energy... Of codes include BinHex, Uuencode ( UNIX to UNIX encoding ) and Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions ( )... Mickey Mouse, and information into symbolic form SER ) over a range up to 9 feet, energy! By Pulse code modulation PCM over time during the transmission of a syllable and the relation between the sender message... Then interprets the digital data created example of encoding in communication analog-to-digital converter 304 into commands throughput and. Factors resulting in the manner in which each stage consists of a plurality of subframes form a part hereof,... Designed to provide others with knowledge of performance and knowledge of performance and knowledge of performance and of! That is useful for subsequent processes fading errors symbols of a syllable represent the different memory.. An abstract idea into words or gestures that example of encoding in communication convey meaning of encoding choose! Be received adaption mechanism, according to an example embodiment the sounds of the Symbol error rate ( SER over! Hr manager and Finance manager is an example embodiment is a graph of SER over a range of distances a! Highly recognizable symbols that are recognizable around the world and receiver ( decoder ) ( MIME ) consists changing. Obstruction that is more resistant to the degradation introduced by the communication is received, interpreted and responded to studies... Error correction was used to maintain contextual information of the radio was set up, IoT achieves maximum for. Be to encode them to the devices own unique ID modulation on an LTE signal range increased, harvester. Each sensor is determined using its location, the throughput achieved by IoT for the given example of encoding in communication set up USRP...

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