the 1982 constitution of china is a

The People's Republic of China practices ruling the country in accordance with the law and building a socialist country of law. 2 The 1982 Constitution is essentially a Dengist constitution, reflecting Deng Xiaoping’s ideas for modernising China, i.e., social stability, economic development and opening to the outside. All citizens 18 years of age and older who have not been deprived of their political rights are permitted to vote, and direct popular suffrage is used to choose People’s Congress members up to the county level. Citizens' lawful private property is inviolable. The Central Military Commission of the People's Republic of China directs the armed forces of the country. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. The state promotes the development of literature and art, the press, broadcasting and television undertakings, publishing and distribution services, libraries, museums, cultural centers and other cultural undertakings, that serve the people and socialism, and sponsors mass cultural activities. China's achievements in revolution, construction, and reform are inseparable from the support of the people of the world. The Chairman and Vice-Chairmen of the Standing Committee shall serve no more than two consecutive terms. Local people's congresses at and above the county level establish standing committees. Their tasks are to strengthen national defense, resist aggression, defend the motherland, safeguard the people's peaceful labor, participate in national reconstruction, and work hard to serve the people. The residents' and villagers' committees establish committees for people's mediation, public security, public health and other matters in order to manage public affairs and social services in their areas, mediate civil disputes, help maintain public order and convey residents' opinions and demands and make suggestions to the people's government. It is the lofty duty of the entire Chinese people, including our compatriots in Taiwan, to accomplish the great task of reunifying the motherland. Significant progress has been made in educational, scientific, cultural and other undertakings, and socialist ideological education has yielded noteworthy results. The right to the use of land may be transferred according to law. The ministers have overall responsibility for the respective ministries or commissions under their charge. The people's courts and people's procuratorates should provide translation for any party to the court proceedings who is not familiar with the spoken or written languages in common use in the locality. Marriage, the family, and mother and child are protected by the state. The Secretariat works when necessary through several departments (the department for organization, for example, or the department for propaganda) under the Central Committee. The leadership of the Communist Party of China is the defining feature of socialism with Chinese characteristics. The State Council establishes an auditing body to supervise through auditing the revenue and expenditure of all departments under the State Council and of the local governments at different levels, and those of the state financial and monetary organizations and of enterprises and undertakings. The state expands facilities for rest and recuperation of working people, and prescribes working hours and vacations for workers and staff. The People's Republic of China is a socialist state under the people's democratic dictatorship led by the working class and based on the alliance of workers and peasants. No state organ, public organization or individual may compel citizens to believe in, or not to believe in, any religion; nor may they discriminate against citizens who believe in, or do not believe in, any religion. Th… To adopt administrative measures, enact administrative rules and regulations and issue decisions and orders in accordance with the Constitution and the statutes; To submit proposals to the National People's Congress or its Standing Committee; To lay down the tasks and responsibilities of the ministries and commissions of the State Council, to exercise unified leadership over the work of the ministries and commissions and to direct all other administrative work of a national character that does not fall within the jurisdiction of the ministries and commissions; To exercise unified leadership over the work of local organs of state administration at different levels throughout the country, and to lay down the detailed division of functions and powers between the Central Government and the organs of state administration of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government; To draw up and implement the plan for national economic and social development and the state budget; To direct and administer economic affairs, urban and rural construction and ecological civilization construction; To direct and administer the work concerning education, science, culture, public health, physical culture and family planning; To direct and administer civil affairs, public security, judicial administration, and other related matters; To conduct foreign affairs and conclude treaties and agreements with foreign states; To direct and administer the building of national defense; To direct and administer affairs concerning the nationalities and to safeguard the equal rights of minority nationalities and the right of autonomy of the national autonomous areas; To protect the legitimate rights and interests of Chinese nationals residing abroad and protect the lawful rights and interests of returned overseas Chinese and of the family members of Chinese nationals residing abroad; To alter or annul inappropriate orders, directives and regulations issued by the ministries or commissions; To alter or annul inappropriate decisions and orders issued by local organs of state administration at different levels; To approve the geographic division of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government, and to approve the establishment and geographic division of autonomous prefectures, counties, autonomous counties and cities; In accordance with the provisions of law, to decide on entering the state of emergency in parts of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government; To examine and decide on the size of administrative organs and, in accordance with the law, to appoint, remove and train administrative officers, appraise their work and reward or punish them; and. China will be in the primary stage of socialism for a long time to come. Within the limits of their authority as prescribed by law, they adopt and issue resolutions and examine and decide on plans for local economic and cultural development and for development of public services. They have the power to alter or annul inappropriate decisions of their own standing committees. However, class struggle will continue to exist within certain limits for a long time to come. Deputies to the people's congresses of provinces, municipalities, directly under the Central Government and cities divided into districts are subject to supervision by the units which elected them; deputies to the people's congresses of counties, cities not divided into districts, municipal districts, townships, nationality townships and towns are subject to supervision by their constituencies. People's congresses and people's governments are established in provinces, municipalities directly under the Central Government, counties, cities, municipal districts, townships, nationality townships and towns. The Standing Committee of the Political Bureau and the Political Bureau as a whole have the authority to decide on any issue they wish to take up. Citizens of the People's Republic of China have the freedom to engage in scientific research, literary and artistic creation and other cultural pursuits. All autonomous regions, autonomous prefectures and autonomous counties are national autonomous areas. The state advocates socialist core values and promotes civic virtues such as patriotism, love for the people, enjoyment of labor, respect for science, and devotion to socialism. The organs of self-government of the national autonomous areas may, in accordance with the military system of the state and concrete local needs and with the approval of the State Council, organize local public security forces for the maintenance of public order. Those of autonomous prefectures and counties shall be submitted to the standing committees of the people's congresses of provinces or autonomous regions for approval before they go into effect, and they shall be reported to the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress for the record. The election of deputies to the succeeding National People's Congress must be completed within one year after the termination of such exceptional circumstances. The decision to redefine the position was part of the effort to reduce the chances of any one leader’s again rising to a position above the party, as Mao had done. It is the duty of citizens of the People's Republic of China to pay taxes in accordance with the law. In March 1978 the 5 th NPC approved another new Constitution of 1978. The national emblem of the People's Republic of China is Tian'anmen in the center illuminated by five stars and encircled by ears of grain and a cogwheel. When the National People's Congress meets, it elects a presidium to conduct its session. The future of China is closely linked to the future of the world. It is the sacred obligation of every citizen of the People's Republic of China to defend the motherland and resist aggression. Supervisory committees exercise judicial authority independently, in accordance with the law, and are not subject to interference from any administrative institution, public organization, or individual. Two months before the expiration of the term of office of a National People's Congress, its Standing Committee must ensure that the election of deputies to the succeeding National People's Congress is completed. An independent and fairly comprehensive socialist system of industry has in the main been established. The supervisory committees at all levels of the People's Republic of China are supervisory organs of the state. All foreign enterprises and other foreign economic organizations in China, as well as joint ventures with Chinese and foreign investment located in China, shall abide by the law of the People's Republic of China. The National People's Congress is composed of deputies elected from the provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government, and the special administrative regions, and of deputies elected from the armed forces. The CCP also assumes major responsibility for instilling proper values in the populace. The system of the multi-party cooperation and political consultation led by the Communist Party of China will exist and develop for a long time to come. The chairmanship and vice-chairmenships of the standing committee of the people's congress of an autonomous region, prefecture or county shall include a citizen or citizens of the nationality or nationalities exercising regional autonomy in the area concerned. (2) The socialist system is the basic system of the People's Republic of China. Mineral resources, waters, forests, mountains, grassland, unreclaimed land, beaches and other natural resources are owned by the state, that is, by the whole people, with the exception of the forests, mountains, grassland, unreclaimed land and beaches that are owned by collectives in accordance with the law. The Third Amendment was approved on Marh 15, 1999. Citizens of the People's Republic of China enjoy freedom of speech, of the press, of assembly, of association, of procession and of demonstration. The systems to be instituted in special administrative regions shall be prescribed by law enacted by the National People's Congress in the light of the specific conditions. At their respective levels, local people's congresses elect, and have the power to recall, governors and deputy governors, or mayors and deputy mayors, or heads and deputy heads of counties, districts, townships and towns. The organs of self-government of the national autonomous areas independently administer educational, scientific, cultural, public health and physical culture affairs in their respective areas, sort out and protect the cultural legacy of the nationalities and work for the development and prosperity of their cultures. No organization or individual may enjoy the privilege of being above the Constitution and the law. Using various channels, the state creates conditions for employment, strengthens labor protection, improves working conditions and, on the basis of expanded production, increases remuneration for work and social benefits. The People's Republic of China permits foreign enterprises, other foreign economic organizations and individual foreigners to invest in China and to enter into various forms of economic cooperation with Chinese enterprises and other economic organizations in accordance with the law of the People's Republic of China. To exercise such other functions and powers as the highest organ of state power should exercise. Unlawful deprivation or restriction of citizens' freedom of person by detention or other means is prohibited; and unlawful search of the person of citizens is prohibited. The state does its utmost to promote the common prosperity of all nationalities in the country. Sabotage of the socialist system by any organization or individual is prohibited. Regional autonomy is practiced in areas where people of minority nationalities live in compact communities; in these areas organs of self-government are established for the exercise of the right of autonomy. It is the duty of citizens of the People's Republic of China to safeguard the security, honor and interests of the motherland; they must not commit acts detrimental to the security, honor and interests of the motherland. People's procuratorates shall, in accordance with the law, exercise procuratorial power independently and are not subject to interference by administrative organs, public organizations or individuals. The state helps the national autonomous areas train large numbers of cadres at different levels and specialized personnel and skilled workers of different professions and trades from among the nationality or nationalities in those areas. The Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, a broadly based representative organization of the united front which has played a significant historical role, will play a still more important role in the country's political and social life, in promoting friendship with other countries and in the struggle for socialist modernization and for the reunification and unity of the country. The President of the People's Republic of China, on behalf of the People's Republic of China, engages in activities involving State affairs and receives foreign diplomatic representatives and, in pursuance of decisions of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, appoints and recalls plenipotentiary representatives abroad, and ratifies and abrogates treaties and important agreements concluded with foreign states. To supervise the enforcement of the Constitution; To enact and amend basic statutes concerning criminal offenses, civil affairs, the state organs and other matters; To elect the President and the Vice-President of the People's Republic of China; To decide on the choice of the Premier of the State Council upon nomination by the President of the People's Republic of China, and to decide on the choice of the Vice-Premiers, State Councilors, Ministers in charge of Ministries or Commissions and the Auditor-General and the Secretary-General of the State Council upon nomination by the Premier; To elect the Chairman of the Central Military Commission and, upon his nomination, to decide on the choice of the other members of the Central Military Commission; To elect the minister of the State Committee of Supervisory. Local people's congresses at different levels are local organs of state power. 2 Article 1 of the 1982 Constitution states that China is a “socialist state under the people's democratic dictatorship,” and Article 2 grants the power of China to the people. All citizens of the People's Republic of China who have reached the age of 18 have the right to vote and stand for election, regardless of nationality, race, sex, occupation, family background, religious belief, education, property status, or length of residence, except persons deprived of political rights according to law. The Revolution of 1911, led by Dr. Sun Yat-sen, abolished the feudal monarchy and gave birth to the Republic of China. The people's courts in the People's Republic of China are the judicial organs of the state. Religious beliefs and social organization, Dynastic authority and the succession of emperors, The Dong (Eastern) Jin (317–420) and later dynasties in the south (420–589), The Shiliuguo (Sixteen Kingdoms) in the north (303–439), The barbarians: Tangut, Khitan, and Juchen, The court’s relations with the bureaucracy, Internal solidarity during the decline of the Nan Song, Changes under Kublai Khan and his successors, The antiforeign movement and the second Opium War (Arrow War), Industrialization for “self-strengthening”, Reformist and revolutionist movements at the end of the dynasty, The development of the republic (1912–20), The Nationalist government from 1928 to 1937, Conflicts within the international alliance, Phase three: approaching crisis (1944–45), Reconstruction and consolidation, 1949–52, New directions in national policy, 1958–61, Leaders of the People’s Republic of China since 1949. People's governments of townships, nationality townships and towns carry out the resolutions of the people's congress at the corresponding level as well as the decisions and orders of the state administrative organs at the next higher level and conduct administrative work in their respective administrative areas. The government, according to the theory, is responsible for carrying out CCP policy, making the necessary decisions as matters arise. The chairman, vice-chairmen and members of each residents' or villagers' committee are elected by the residents. The term of office of the Central Military Commission is the same as that of the National People's Congress. In theory, the CCP sets major policy directions and broadly supervises the implementation of policy to ensure that its will is not thwarted by the state and military bureaucracies. 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